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<title>Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><div class="nickname" lang="bn">বঙ্কিমচন্দ্র চট্টোপাধ্যায়</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">26 June 1838<sup id="cite_ref-Library_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br><a href="Naihati" title="Naihati">Naihati</a>, <a href="Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a>, <a href="Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">British India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">8 April 1894<span style="display:none">(1894-04-08)</span> (aged 55)<br><a href="Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>, Bengal, <a href="British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Pen name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.4em;">Kamalakanta</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Writer, poet, novelist, essayist, journalist, government official</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Bengali, English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><i><a href="Durgeshnandini" title="Durgeshnandini">Durgeshnandini</a></i><br><i><a href="Kapalkundala" title="Kapalkundala">Kapalkundala</a></i><br><i><a href="Devi_Chaudhurani" title="Devi Chaudhurani">Devi Chaudhurani</a></i><br><i><a href="Anandamath" title="Anandamath">Anandamath</a></i><br><i><a href="Bishabriksha" title="Bishabriksha">Bishabriksha</a></i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bankim.eduliture.com/">Bankim-Rachanabali administrated by eduliture</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire">CIE</a></span></span> (anglicized as <b>Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</b>; 26 or 27 June 1838<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 8 April 1894<sup id="cite_ref-Merriam-WebsterInc1995_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-WebsterInc1995-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was an Indian Bengali novelist, poet, essayist<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and journalist.<sup id="cite_ref-star_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-star-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the author of the 1882 <a href="Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a> novel <i><a href="Anandamath" title="Anandamath">Anandamath</a></i>, which is one of the landmarks of modern Bengali and Indian literature. He was the composer of <i><a href="Vande_Mataram" title="Vande Mataram">Vande Mataram</a></i>, written in highly <a href="Sanskritisation_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskritisation (language)">Sanskritised</a> <a href="Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="National_personification" title="National personification">personifying</a> <a href="India" title="India">India</a> as a <a href="Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">mother goddess</a> and inspiring activists during the <a href="Indian_Freedom_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Freedom Movement">Indian Independence Movement</a>. Chattopadhayay wrote fourteen novels and many serious, serio-comic, satirical, scientific and critical treatises in <a href="Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>. He is known as <i><b>Sahitya Samrat</b></i> (Emperor of Literature) in <a href="Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2></div>

<p>Chattopadhayay is widely regarded as a key figure in literary renaissance of Bengal as well as the broader <a href="Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-star_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-star-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of his writings, including novels, essays and commentaries, broke away from traditional verse-oriented Indian writings,

and provided an inspiration for authors across India.<sup id="cite_ref-star_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-star-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<p><span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Chattopadhayay was born in the village of Kanthalpara in the town of <a href="Naihati" title="Naihati">North 24 Parganas, Naihati</a>, in an orthodox <a href="Bengali_Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Brahmins">Bengali Brahmin</a> family, the youngest of three brothers, to Yadav Chandra Chattopadhayay and Durgadebi.</span></span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">His ancestors hailed from Deshmukho village in <a href="Hooghly_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hooghly District">Hooghly District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chattopadhyay9_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chattopadhyay9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, a government official, went on to become the Deputy Collector of <a href="Midnapur" class="mw-redirect" title="Midnapur">Midnapur</a>.</span></span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">One of his brothers, <a href="Sanjib_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" title="Sanjib Chandra Chattopadhyay">Sanjib Chandra Chattopadhyay</a> was also a novelist and is known for his book "Palamau".</span></span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Bankim Chandra and his elder brother both went to <a href="Hooghly_Collegiate_School" title="Hooghly Collegiate School">Hooghly Collegiate School</a> (then Governmental Zilla School), where he wrote his first poem.</span></span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">He was educated at the <a href="Hooghly_Mohsin_College" title="Hooghly Mohsin College">Hooghly Mohsin College</a> and later at <a href="Presidency_College%2C_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency College, Kolkata">Presidency College, Kolkata</a>, graduating with a degree in arts in 1859. He later attended the <a href="University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a> and was one of two candidates who passed the final exam to become the school's first graduates.<sup id="cite_ref-banglapedia_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banglapedia-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later obtained a degree in law in 1869. Following his father's footsteps, Bankimchandra joined the Subordinate Executive Service. In 1858, he was appointed a Deputy Magistrate (the same type of position held by his father) of <a href="Jessore_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jessore (city)">Jessore</a>.</span></span> After merging of the services in 1863, h<span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">e went on to become Deputy Magistrate & Deputy Collector, retiring from government service in 1891. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay was the first in-charge (<a href="Sub-divisional_magistrate" title="Sub-divisional magistrate">Sub-divisional magistrate</a>) of the <a href="Arambag_subdivision" title="Arambag subdivision">Arambag subdivision</a> in its earlier days. The ruins of a fort at <a href="Gar_Mandaran" title="Gar Mandaran">Gar Mandaran</a> provided the setting for Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay's novel <a href="Durgeshnandini" title="Durgeshnandini">Durgeshnandini</a>, published in 1865. His years at work were replete with incidents that brought him into conflict with the colonial government.</span></span> <span class="notranslate"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">He was, however, made a Companion of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire (CMEOIE) in 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></span> He also received the title of Rai Bahadur in 1891.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_career">Literary career</h2></div>

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<p>Chattopadhyay's earliest publications were in <a href="Ishwar_Chandra_Gupta" title="Ishwar Chandra Gupta">Ishwar Chandra Gupta</a>'s weekly newspaper <i><a href="Sangbad_Prabhakar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangbad Prabhakar">Sangbad Prabhakar</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-bankim_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bankim-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He began his literary career as a writer of verse before turning to fiction. His first attempt was a novel in Bengali submitted for a declared prize. He did not win and the <a href="Novella" title="Novella">novelette</a> was never published. His first fiction to appear in print was the English novel <i>Rajmohan's Wife</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="Durgeshnandini" title="Durgeshnandini">Durgeshnandini</a></i>, his first Bengali romance and the first ever novel in Bengali, was published in 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His essay ‘Shakuntala, Miranda ebong Desdemona’ (1873) is considered as the first attempt of comparative analysis of different literatures in Bengali and is studied closely in school of comparative literature of Jadavpur University.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<p>One of the many novels of Chattopadhyay that are entitled to be termed as historical fiction is <i>Rajsimha</i> (1881, rewritten and enlarged 1893). <i><a href="Anandamath" title="Anandamath">Anandamath</a></i> (The Abbey of Bliss, 1882) is a <a href="Political_fiction" title="Political fiction">political novel</a> which depicts a Sannyasi (Hindu ascetic) army fighting a British force. The book calls for the rise of Indian nationalism. The novel was also the source of the song <i><a href="Vande_Mataram" title="Vande Mataram">Vande Mataram</a></i> (I worship my Motherland for she truly is my mother) which, set to music by <a href="Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>, was taken up by many Indian nationalists, and is now the National Song ; ultimately, however, he accepted that the British Empire could not be defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The novel first appeared in serial form in <i><a href="Bangadarshan" title="Bangadarshan">Bangadarshan</a></i>, the literary magazine that Chattopadhyay founded in 1872. <i>Vande Mataram</i> became prominent during the Swadeshi movement, which was sparked by Lord Curzon's attempt to partition Bengal into a Hindu majority West and Muslim majority East. Drawing from the Shakti tradition of Bengali Hindus, Chattopadhyay personified India as a Mother Goddess known as <a href="Bharat_Mata" title="Bharat Mata">Bharat Mata</a>, which gave the song a Hindu undertone.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<p>Bankim was particularly impressed by the historical <a href="Gaudiya_Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaudiya Vaishnava">Gaudiya Vaishnava</a> cultural efflorescence of the 14th and 15th centuries in Bengal. Chattopadhyay's commentary on the <a href="Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> was published eight years after his death and contained his comments up to the 19th Verse of Chapter 4.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

In a long essay on <a href="Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Sankhya</a> philosophy, he argues that the central philosophical foundation of the overwhelming part of religious beliefs in India, including even Buddhism, lies in the philosophy of Sankhya. He was a critique of the philosophy in the sense of its emphasis on personal <i>vairagya</i> (renunciation) rather than political and social power.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meeting_with_Ramakrishna">Meeting with Ramakrishna</h2></div>

<p>Bankim was highly educated and influenced by Oriental thoughts and ideas. Ramakrishna in contrast, did not have knowledge of English. Yet they had a nice relation between them. Once <a href="Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Sri Ramakrishna Paramahansa</a>, playing on the meaning of Bankim (<i>Bent A Little</i>), asked him what it was that had bent him. Bankim Chandra jokingly replied that it was the kick from the Englishman's shoe for he was a well-known critic of the <a href="British_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="British Government">British government</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div>

<p><a href="Tagore" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagore">Tagore</a> penned in the memory of his mentor:

"Bankim Chandra had equal strength in both his hands, he was a true <i>sabyasachi</i> (ambidextrous). With one hand, he created literary works of excellence; and with the other, he guided young and aspiring authors. With one hand, he ignited the light of literary enlightenment; and with the other, he blew away the smoke and ash of ignorance and ill conceived notions"

</p><p><a href="Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a> wrote in his memory:

"The earlier Bankim was only a poet and stylist, the later Bankim was a seer and nation-builder"

</p><p>After the <i>Vishabriksha</i> (<i>The Poison Tree</i>) was published in 1873, the magazine, Punch wrote:

</p>

<dl><dd><dl><dd>"You ought to read the Poison Tree</dd>

<dd>of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<p>His novel <i>Anushilan-Tattva</i> inspired Pramathanath Mitra to start <a href="Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a>.

Bankim Puraskar (Bankim Memorial Award) is the highest award given by the Government of West Bengal for contribution to Bengali fiction.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2></div>

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<dl><dt>Fiction</dt></dl>

<ul><li><i><a href="Durgeshnandini" title="Durgeshnandini">Durgeshnandini</a></i> (March 1865)</li>

<li><i><a href="Kapalkundala" title="Kapalkundala">Kapalkundala</a></i> (1866)</li>

<li><i>Mrinalini</i> (1869)</li>

<li><i>Vishabriksha</i> (The Poison Tree, 1873)</li>

<li><i>Indira</i> (1873, revised 1893)</li>

<li><i>Jugalanguriya</i> (1874)</li>

<li><i>Radharani</i> (1876, enlarged 1893)</li>

<li><i>Chandrasekhar</i> (1875)</li>

<li><i>Kamalakanter Daptar</i> (From the Desk of Kamlakanta, 1875)</li>

<li><i>Rajani</i>(1877)</li>

<li><i>Krishnakanter Uil</i> (Krishnakanta's Will, 1878)</li>

<li><i>Rajsimha</i> (1882)</li>

<li><i><a href="Anandamath" title="Anandamath">Anandamath</a></i> (1882), Orient Paperbacks, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-81-222013-0-7</bdi></li>

<li><i><a href="Devi_Chaudhurani" title="Devi Chaudhurani">Devi Chaudhurani</a></i> (1884)</li>

<li><i>Kamalakanta</i> (1885)</li>

<li><i>Sitaram</i> (March 1887)</li>

<li><i>Muchiram Gurer Jivancharita</i> (The Life of Muchiram Gur)</li></ul>

<dl><dt>Religious Commentaries</dt></dl>

<ul><li><i>Krishna Charitra</i> (Life of Krishna, 1886)</li>

<li><i>Dharmatattva</i> (Principles of Religion, 1888)</li>

<li><i>Devatattva</i> (Principles of Divinity, Published Posthumously)</li>

<li><i>Srimadvagavat Gita</i>, a Commentary on the <a href="Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> (1902 – Published Posthumously)</li></ul>

<dl><dt>Poetry Collections</dt></dl>

<ul><li><i>Lalita O Manas</i> (1858)</li></ul>

<dl><dt>Essays</dt></dl>

<ul><li><i>Lok Rahasya</i> (Essays on Society, 1874, enlarged 1888)</li>

<li><i>Bijnan Rahasya</i> (Essays on Science, 1875)</li>

<li><i>Bichitra Prabandha</i> (Assorted Essays), Vol 1 (1876) and Vol 2 (1892)</li>

<li><i>Samya</i> (Equality, 1879)</li></ul>

</div>

<p>Chattopadhyay's <a href="Debut_novel" title="Debut novel">debut novel</a> was an English one, <i><a href="Rajmohan's_Wife" title="Rajmohan's Wife">Rajmohan's Wife</a></i> (1864) and he also started writing his religious and philosophical essays in English.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Indian_writers" title="List of Indian writers">List of Indian writers</a></li>

<li><a href="Sadhu_Bhasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhu Bhasha">Sadhu Bhasha</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><div class="reflist">

<li id="cite_note-Library-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Library_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLibrarySkillion2001" class="citation book cs1">Library, S.T.N.Y.P.; Skillion, A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BD2P-Yb-m3wC&pg=PT160"><i>The New York Public Library Literature Companion</i></a>. Free Press. p. 160. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4391-3721-5</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopaedia_BritannicaEncyclopaedia_Britannica2008" class="citation book cs1">Encyclopaedia Britannica, I.; Encyclopaedia Britannica, I. (2008). <i>Britannica Concise Encyclopedia</i>. Encyclopaedia Britannica. p. 380. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-59339-492-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/bankim-chandra-chattopadhyay-16443-2016-06-27">"Remembering Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, writer of the national song Vande Mataram"</a>. 27 June 2016.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Merriam-WebsterInc1995-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Merriam-WebsterInc1995_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/merriamwebsters00merr"><i>Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature</i></a></span>. Merriam-Webster. 1995. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/merriamwebsters00merr/page/231">231</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-87779-042-6</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBhabatosh_Chatterjee1994" class="citation book cs1">Bhabatosh Chatterjee (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/bankimchandracha00bhab"><i>Bankimchandra Chatterjee: Essays In Perspective</i></a>. Public Resource.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-star-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-star_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-star_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-star_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Staff_writer" title="Staff writer">Staff writer</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=192109">"Bankim Chandra: The First Prominent Bengali Novelist"</a>, <i>The Daily Star</i>, 30 June 2011</span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2019" class="citation web cs1">Khan, Fatima (8 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/bankim-chandra-the-man-who-wrote-vande-mataram-capturing-colonial-indias-imagination/217506/">"Bankim Chandra — the man who wrote Vande Mataram, capturing colonial India's imagination"</a>. <i>ThePrint</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChakraborty2007" class="citation book cs1">Chakraborty, Dr. Dulal (2007). <i>History of Bengali Literature (in Bengali)</i>. Bani Bitan.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/bankim-chandra-chattopadhyay-the-face-of-bengal-renaissance-on-his-178th-birth-anniversary-2879527/">"Remembering Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, the face of Bengal renaissance, on his birth anniversary"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 27 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freepressjournal.in/viral/harbinger-of-indian-renaissance-indians-remember-sahitya-samrat-bankim-chandra-chatterjee-on-his-183rd-birth-anniversary">"'Harbinger of Indian renaissance': Indians remember 'Sahitya Samrat' Bankim Chandra Chatterjee on his 183rd birth anniversary"</a>. <i>Free Press Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChattopadhyay1952" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chattopadhyay, Sachis Chandra (1952). <i>Bankim's Biography</i> (in Bengali). Calcutta. p. 9.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharya1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bhattacharya, Amitrasudana (1991). <i>Bankima-chandra-jibani</i> (in Bengali). Calcutta: Anand Publishers. p. 25.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Chattopadhyay9-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chattopadhyay9_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chattopadhyay, Sachishchandra, <i>Bankim-Jibani</i>, 1952, Pustak Bipani, p 9</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-banglapedia-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-banglapedia_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wbchse.nic.in/html/bankim_chandra.html">"Shri Bankim Chandra Chattopadhayay"</a>. <i>West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education</i>. West Bengal Council for Higher Secondary Education.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111128084214/http://penguinbooksindia.com/Authors/Bankimchandra_Chattopadhyay.aspx">"Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay – Penguin Books India"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.penguinbooksindia.com/Authors/Bankimchandra_Chattopadhyay.aspx">the original</a> on 28 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-bankim-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bankim_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bengalonline.sitemarvel.com/bankimchandra.asp">Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay (Chatterjee)</a>, from BengalOnline.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee2002" class="citation book cs1">Mukherjee, Meenakshi (1 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VPJ7jqVSl34C&q=rajmohan%3Bs+wife&pg=PA143"><i>Early Novels in India</i></a>. Sahitya Akademi. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9788126013425</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/notebook/literary-lion-1502775019.html">"Literary lion - Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay: The Statesman Notebook"</a>. <i><a href="The_Statesman_(India)" title="The Statesman (India)">The Statesman</a></i>. 8 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190722114309/https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/notebook/literary-lion-1502775019.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jaduniv.edu.in/upload_files/dept_file/1462953396-1.pdf">"Jadavpur University B.A Syllabus - Comparative Literature"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Jadavpur University</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMazumdar2007" class="citation book cs1">Mazumdar, Aurobindo (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4YBhMfAgxIkC&pg=PA9"><i>Vande Mataram and Islam</i></a>. Mittal Publications. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9788183241595</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Minor, Robert (1986) <i>Modern Indian Interpreters of the Bhagavad Gita</i>. State University of NY press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-88706-298-9</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Partha Chatterjee, "Chapter 3 The Moment of Departure: Culture and Power in the Thought of Bankimchandra" in National Thought and the Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse? (Delhi:Oxford University Press, 1986), 54-84.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLemonMayhewTaylorBrooks1885" class="citation web cs1">Lemon, Mark; Mayhew, Henry; Taylor, Tom; Brooks, Shirley; Burnand, Sir Francis Cowley; Seaman, Sir Owen (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SnhIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA2">"London Charivari"</a>. Punch Publications Limited.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Ujjal Kumar Majumdar: <i>Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay: His Contribution to Indian Life and Culture</i>. Calcutta: The Asiatic Society, 2000. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>81-7236-098-3</bdi>.</li>

<li>Walter Ruben: Indische Romane. Eine ideologische Untersuchung. Vol. 1: Einige Romane Bankim Chattopadhyays iund Ranbindranath Tagore. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1964. (German)</li>

<li>Bhabatosh Chatterjee, Editor: Bankimchandra Chatterjee: Essays in Perspective (Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi) 1994.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">English <a href="Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article:

<div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Author:Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" class="extiw external" title="s:en:Author:Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay">Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay</a></b></div></div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" class="extiw external" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a> at Wikiquote</li></ul>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Chatterji,_Bankim_Chandra" class="extiw external" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Chatterji, Bankim Chandra">Chatterji, Bankim Chandra</a></span>".</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/7399">Works by Bankim Chandra Chatterji</a> at <a href="Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%22Bankim+Chandra+Chatterji%22+OR+%22Chatterji%2C+Bankim+Chandra%22+OR+%22Bankim+Chandra+Chattopadhyay%22+OR+%22Chattopadhyay%2C+Bankim+Chandra%22%29">Works by or about Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a> at the <a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/16794">Works by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a> at <a href="LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Chattopadhyay,_Bankimchandra">https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Chattopadhyay,_Bankimchandra</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Works_of_Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay423" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works of <a href="Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay">Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bengali novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Durgeshnandini" title="Durgeshnandini">Durgeshnandini</a></i> (1865)</li>

<li><i><a href="Kapalkundala" title="Kapalkundala">Kapalkundala</a></i> (1866)</li>

<li><i><a href="Mrinalini_(novel)" title="Mrinalini (novel)">Mrinalini</a></i> (1869)</li>

<li><i><a href="Bishabriksha" title="Bishabriksha">Bishabriksha</a></i></li>

<li><i>Indira</i></li>

<li><i>Jugalanguriya</i></li>

<li><i>Chandrashekhar</i></li>

<li><i>Radharani</i></li>

<li><i>Rajani</i></li>

<li><i>Krishnakanter Will</i></li>

<li><i>Rajsingha</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Anandamath" title="Anandamath">Anandamath</a></i> (1882)</li>

<li><i><a href="Devi_Chaudhurani" title="Devi Chaudhurani">Devi Chaudhurani</a></i> (1884)</li>

<li><i>Sitaram</i></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">English novel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Rajmohan's Wife</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary magazine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Bangadarshan" title="Bangadarshan">Bangadarshan</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National song of India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Vande_Mataram" title="Vande Mataram">Vande Mataram</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikiquote page"></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" class="extiw external" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay"><b>Wikiquote</b></a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Author:Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" class="extiw external" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Author:Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay"><b>Wikisource texts</b></a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hindu_reform_movements83" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC569;"><div id="Hindu_reform_movements83" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Hindu reform movements</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;">Reform movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adi_Dharm" title="Adi Dharm">Adi Dharm</a>/<a href="Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a></li>

<li><a href="Sadharan_Brahmo_Samaj" title="Sadharan Brahmo Samaj">Sadharan Brahmo Samaj</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Advait_Mat" title="Advait Mat">Advait Mat</a>

<ul><li><a href="Divine_Light_Mission" title="Divine Light Mission">Divine Light Mission</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="American_Meditation_Institute" title="American Meditation Institute">American Meditation Institute</a></li>

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<li><a href="Swami_Paramananda#In_the_West._Ananda_Ashrama" title="Swami Paramananda">Ananda Ashrama</a></li>

<li><a href="Ananda_Marga" title="Ananda Marga">Ananda Marga</a></li>

<li><a href="Shree_Shree_Anandamayee_Sangha" class="mw-redirect" title="Shree Shree Anandamayee Sangha">Anandamayee Sangha</a></li>

<li><a href="Art_of_Living_Foundation" title="Art of Living Foundation">Art of Living</a></li>

<li><a href="Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li>

<li><a href="Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Brahma_Kumaris" title="Brahma Kumaris">Brahma Kumaris</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinmaya_Mission" title="Chinmaya Mission">Chinmaya Mission</a></li>

<li><a href="Ganapathi_Sachchidananda#Organizations_founded" title="Ganapathi Sachchidananda">Datta Yoga</a></li>

<li><a href="Divine_Life_Society" title="Divine Life Society">Divine Life Society</a></li>

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<li><a href="Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hindu_Janajagruti_Samiti" title="Hindu Janajagruti Samiti">Hindu Janajagruti Samiti</a></li>

<li><a href="Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a></li>

<li><a href="Hindu_Munnani" title="Hindu Munnani">Hindu Munnani</a></li>

<li><a href="Hindu_Sena" title="Hindu Sena">Hindu Sena</a></li>

<li><a href="Hindu_Yuva_Vahini" title="Hindu Yuva Vahini">Hindu Yuva Vahini</a></li>

<li><a href="Sanatan_Sanstha" title="Sanatan Sanstha">Sanatan Sanstha</a></li>

<li><a href="Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Sangh Parivar</a></li>

<li><a href="Vishva_Hindu_Parishad" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad">Vishva Hindu Parishad</a></li>

<li><a href="Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="International_Vedanta_Society" title="International Vedanta Society">International Vedanta</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">ISKCON</a></li>

<li><a href="ISKCON_Revival_Movement" title="ISKCON Revival Movement">ISKCON Revival</a></li>

<li><a href="Isha_Foundation" title="Isha Foundation">Isha Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Hariharananda_Giri" title="Hariharananda Giri">Kriya Yoga</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahima_Dharma" title="Mahima Dharma">Mahima Dharma</a></li>

<li><a href="Mata_Amritanandamayi_Math" title="Mata Amritanandamayi Math">Mata Amritanandamayi Math</a></li>

<li><a href="Matua_Mahasangha" title="Matua Mahasangha">Matua Mahasangha</a></li>

<li><a href="Sree_Narayana_Dharma_Paripalana_Yogam_(SNDP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (SNDP)">Narayana Dharma</a></li>

<li><a href="Prarthana_Samaj" title="Prarthana Samaj">Prarthana Samaj</a></li>

<li><a href="Ramakrishna_Mission" title="Ramakrishna Mission">Ramakrishna Mission</a> / <a href="Vedanta_Society" title="Vedanta Society">Vedanta Societies</a></li>

<li><a href="Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li>

<li><a href="Sahaja_Yoga" title="Sahaja Yoga">Sahaja Yoga</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sathya_Sai_Baba_movement" title="Sathya Sai Baba movement">Sathya Sai Baba movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Satsang_(Deoghar)" title="Satsang (Deoghar)">Satsang</a></li>

<li><a href="Satya_Dharma" title="Satya Dharma">Satya Dharma</a></li>

<li><a href="Satyashodhak_Samaj" title="Satyashodhak Samaj">Satyashodhak Samaj</a></li>

<li><a href="Science_of_Identity_Foundation" title="Science of Identity Foundation">Science of Identity</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-Realization_Fellowship" title="Self-Realization Fellowship">Self-Realization Fellowship</a> / <a href="Yogoda_Satsanga_Society_of_India" title="Yogoda Satsanga Society of India">Yogoda Satsanga</a></li>

<li><a href="Sivananda_yoga" title="Sivananda yoga">Sivananda yoga</a></li>

<li><a href="Sri_Aurobindo_Ashram" title="Sri Aurobindo Ashram">Sri Aurobindo Ashram</a></li>

<li><a href="Sri_Ramana_Ashram" title="Sri Ramana Ashram">Sri Ramana Ashram</a>

<ul><li><a href="Society_of_Abidance_in_Truth" title="Society of Abidance in Truth">Abidance in Truth</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Swadhyaya_Movement" title="Swadhyaya Movement">Swadhyay Parivar</a>

<ul><li><a href="Narnarayan_Dev_Yuvak_Mandal" title="Narnarayan Dev Yuvak Mandal">NNDYM</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Transcendental_Meditation_movement" title="Transcendental Meditation movement">Transcendental Meditation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li>

<li><a href="Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li>

<li><a href="Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Caste</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghar_Wapsi" title="Ghar Wapsi">Ghar Wapsi</a></li>

<li><a href="God_Speaks" title="God Speaks">God Speaks</a></li>

<li><a href="Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></li>

<li><a href="Perfect_Master_(Meher_Baba)" title="Perfect Master (Meher Baba)">Perfect Master</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution of Hindus</a></li>

<li><a href="Shuddhi_(Hinduism)" title="Shuddhi (Hinduism)">Shuddhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Women in Hinduism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;"><a href="Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a>, and Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a></li>

<li><a href="Mata_Amritanandamayi" title="Mata Amritanandamayi">Amritanandamayi</a></li>

<li><a href="Gururaj_Ananda_Yogi" title="Gururaj Ananda Yogi">Ananda Yogi</a></li>

<li><a href="Anandamayi_Ma" title="Anandamayi Ma">Anandamayi Ma</a></li>

<li><a href="Anukulchandra_Chakravarty" title="Anukulchandra Chakravarty">Anukulchandra Chakravarty</a></li>

<li><a href="Arumuka_Navalar" title="Arumuka Navalar">Arumuka Navalar</a></li>

<li><a href="Pandurang_Shastri_Athavale" title="Pandurang Shastri Athavale">Athavale</a></li>

<li><a href="Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li>

<li><a href="BK_Shivani" title="BK Shivani">BK Shivani</a></li>

<li><a href="Chaganti_Koteswara_Rao" title="Chaganti Koteswara Rao">Chaganti Koteswara Rao</a></li>

<li><a href="Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinmayananda_Saraswati" title="Chinmayananda Saraswati">Chinmayananda Saraswati</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinna_Jeeyar" title="Chinna Jeeyar">Chinna Jeeyar</a></li>

<li><a href="Sri_Chinmoy" title="Sri Chinmoy">Chinmoy</a></li>

<li><a href="Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li>

<li><a href="Ganapathi_Sachchidananda" title="Ganapathi Sachchidananda">Ganapathi Sachchidananda</a></li>

<li><a href="Garikapati_Narasimha_Rao" title="Garikapati Narasimha Rao">Garikapati Narasimha Rao</a></li>

<li><a href="Haidakhan_Babaji" title="Haidakhan Babaji">Haidakhan Babaji</a></li>

<li><a href="Haranath_Thakur" title="Haranath Thakur">Haranath Thakur</a></li>

<li><a href="Hariharananda_Giri" title="Hariharananda Giri">Hariharananda Giri</a></li>

<li><a href="Sadhguru" title="Sadhguru">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li>

<li><a href="Jiddu_Krishnamurti" title="Jiddu Krishnamurti">Jiddu Krishnamurti</a></li>

<li><a href="Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a></li>

<li><a href="Kalki_Bhagawan" title="Kalki Bhagawan">Kalki Bhagawan</a></li>

<li><a href="Narasimha_Chintaman_Kelkar" title="Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar">Kelkar, N. C.</a></li>

<li><a href="Kripalu_Maharaj" title="Kripalu Maharaj">Kripalu Maharaj</a></li>

<li><a href="Kriyananda" title="Kriyananda">Kriyananda</a></li>

<li><a href="Dada_Lekhraj" title="Dada Lekhraj">Lekhraj</a></li>

<li><a href="Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Maharishi Mahesh Yogi</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Meher_Baba" title="Meher Baba">Meher Baba</a></li>

<li><a href="Mirra_Alfassa" title="Mirra Alfassa">Mirra Alfassa</a></li>

<li><a href="Mukundananda" title="Mukundananda">Mukundananda</a></li>

<li><a href="Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li>

<li><a href="Narayan_Maharaj" title="Narayan Maharaj">Narayan Maharaj</a></li>

<li><a href="Neem_Karoli_Baba" title="Neem Karoli Baba">Neem Karoli</a></li>

<li><a href="Nirmala_Srivastava" title="Nirmala Srivastava">Nirmala</a></li>

<li><a href="Om_Swami" title="Om Swami">Om Swami</a></li>

<li><a href="Parashara" title="Parashara">Parashara</a></li>

<li><a href="Swami_Paramananda" title="Swami Paramananda">Paramananda</a></li>

<li><a href="Prem_Rawat" title="Prem Rawat">Prem Rawat</a></li>

<li><a href="Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a></li>

<li><a href="Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li>

<li><a href="Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li>

<li><a href="Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li>

<li><a href="Prabhat_Ranjan_Sarkar" title="Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar">Sarkar</a></li>

<li><a href="Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li>

<li><a href="Shiridi_Sai_Baba" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiridi Sai Baba">Shiridi Sai Baba</a></li>

<li><a href="Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li>

<li><a href="Samavedam_Shanmukha_Sarma" title="Samavedam Shanmukha Sarma">Samavedam Shanmukha Sarma</a></li>

<li><a href="Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li>

<li><a href="Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li>

<li><a href="Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li>

<li><a href="Swami_Rama" title="Swami Rama">Swami Rama</a></li>

<li><a href="Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Swami Samarth</a></li>

<li><a href="Swami_Sarvapriyananda" title="Swami Sarvapriyananda">Sarvapriyananda</a></li>

<li><a href="Debendranath_Tagore" title="Debendranath Tagore">Tagore, D.</a></li>

<li><a href="Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Tilak</a></li>

<li><a href="Sadhu_Vaswani" title="Sadhu Vaswani">Vaswani</a></li>

<li><a href="Swami_Vipulananda" title="Swami Vipulananda">Vipulananda</a></li>

<li><a href="Upasani_Maharaj" title="Upasani Maharaj">Upasani Maharaj</a></li>

<li><a href="Vishnudevananda_Saraswati" title="Vishnudevananda Saraswati">Vishnudevananda</a></li>

<li><a href="Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li>

<li><a href="Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indian diaspora</a></li>

<li><a href="Indianisation" title="Indianisation">Indianisation</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia">Influence of Indian religions</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian-origin religions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li>

<li><a href="Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li>

<li><a href="Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li>

<li><a href="Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution of Hindus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bengal_Renaissance44" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Bengal_Renaissance44" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li>

<li><a href="Atul_Prasad_Sen" title="Atul Prasad Sen">Atul Prasad Sen</a></li>

<li><a href="Rajnarayan_Basu" title="Rajnarayan Basu">Rajnarayan Basu</a></li>

<li><a href="Debendra_Mohan_Bose" title="Debendra Mohan Bose">Debendra Mohan Bose</a></li>

<li><a href="Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li>

<li><a href="Subhash_Chandra_Bose" class="mw-redirect" title="Subhash Chandra Bose">Subhash Chandra Bose</a></li>

<li><a href="Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Satyendra Nath Bose</a></li>

<li><a href="Madhusudan_Gupta" title="Madhusudan Gupta">Madhusudan Gupta</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Elliot_Drinkwater_Bethune" title="John Elliot Drinkwater Bethune">Bethune</a></li>

<li><a href="Upendranath_Brahmachari" title="Upendranath Brahmachari">Upendranath Brahmachari</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarat_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" title="Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay">Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay</a></li>

<li><a href="Akshay_Kumar_Datta" title="Akshay Kumar Datta">Akshay Kumar Datta</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Louis_Vivian_Derozio" title="Henry Louis Vivian Derozio">Henry Derozio</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Duff_(missionary)" title="Alexander Duff (missionary)">Alexander Duff</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt" title="Michael Madhusudan Dutt">Michael Madhusudan Dutt</a></li>

<li><a href="Romesh_Chunder_Dutt" title="Romesh Chunder Dutt">Romesh Chunder Dutt</a></li>

<li><a href="Anil_Kumar_Gain" title="Anil Kumar Gain">Anil Kumar Gain</a></li>

<li><a href="Kadambini_Ganguly" title="Kadambini Ganguly">Kadambini Ganguly</a></li>

<li><a href="Monomohun_Ghose" title="Monomohun Ghose">Monomohun Ghose</a></li>

<li><a href="Ramgopal_Ghosh" title="Ramgopal Ghosh">Ramgopal Ghosh</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Hare_(philanthropist)" title="David Hare (philanthropist)">David Hare</a></li>

<li><a href="Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a></li>

<li><a href="Eug%C3%A8ne_Lafont" title="Eugène Lafont">Eugène Lafont</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahanambrata_Brahmachari" title="Mahanambrata Brahmachari">Mahanambrata Brahmachari</a></li>

<li><a href="Ashutosh_Mukherjee" title="Ashutosh Mukherjee">Ashutosh Mukherjee</a></li>

<li><a href="Kalikrishna_Mitra" title="Kalikrishna Mitra">Kalikrishna Mitra</a></li>

<li><a href="Harish_Chandra_Mukherjee" title="Harish Chandra Mukherjee">Harish Chandra Mukherjee</a></li>

<li><a href="Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna Paramahamsa</a></li>

<li><a href="Upendrakishore_Ray_Chowdhury" title="Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury">Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury</a></li>

<li><a href="Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Raja Ram Mohan Roy</a></li>

<li><a href="Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a></li>

<li><a href="Akshay_Chandra_Sarkar" title="Akshay Chandra Sarkar">Akshay Chandra Sarkar</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahendralal_Sarkar" title="Mahendralal Sarkar">Mahendralal Sarkar</a></li>

<li><a href="Brajendra_Nath_Seal" title="Brajendra Nath Seal">Brajendra Nath Seal</a></li>

<li><a href="Girish_Chandra_Sen" title="Girish Chandra Sen">Girish Chandra Sen</a></li>

<li><a href="Keshub_Chandra_Sen" title="Keshub Chandra Sen">Keshub Chandra Sen</a></li>

<li><a href="Haraprasad_Shastri" class="mw-redirect" title="Haraprasad Shastri">Haraprasad Shastri</a></li>

<li><a href="Debendranath_Tagore" title="Debendranath Tagore">Debendranath Tagore</a></li>

<li><a href="Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li>

<li><a href="Satyendranath_Tagore" title="Satyendranath Tagore">Satyendranath Tagore</a></li>

<li><a href="Jnanadanandini_Devi" title="Jnanadanandini Devi">Jnanadanandini Devi</a></li>

<li><a href="Fanindra_Nath_Gooptu" title="Fanindra Nath Gooptu">Fanindra Nath Gooptu</a></li>

<li><a href="Sitanath_Tattwabhushan" title="Sitanath Tattwabhushan">Sitanath Tattwabhushan</a></li>

<li><a href="Brahmabandhav_Upadhyay" title="Brahmabandhav Upadhyay">Brahmabandhav Upadhyay</a></li>

<li><a href="Ram_Chandra_Vidyabagish" title="Ram Chandra Vidyabagish">Ram Chandra Vidyabagish</a></li>

<li><a href="Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li>

<li><a href="Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li>

<li><a href="Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Paramahansa Yogananda</a></li>

<li><a href="Begum_Rokeya" title="Begum Rokeya">Begum Rokeya</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Bengali_poetry" title="Bengali poetry">Bengali poetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_of_Bengal" title="Music of Bengal">Bengali music</a></li>

<li><a href="Bangiya_Sahitya_Parishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangiya Sahitya Parishad">Bangiya Sahitya Parishad</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhadralok" title="Bhadralok">Bhadralok</a></li>

<li><a href="Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Gaudiya_Math" title="Gaudiya Math">Gaudiya Math</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahanam_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahanam Sampraday">Mahanam Sampraday</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_works_by_Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="List of works by Kazi Nazrul Islam">Nazrul geeti</a></li>

<li><a href="Rabindra_Nritya_Natya" title="Rabindra Nritya Natya">Rabindra Nritya Natya</a></li>

<li><a href="Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li>

<li><a href="Sambad_Prabhakar" title="Sambad Prabhakar">Sambad Prabhakar</a></li>

<li><a href="Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-Realization_Fellowship" title="Self-Realization Fellowship">Self-Realization Fellowship</a>

<ul><li><a href="Yogoda_Satsanga_Society_of_India" title="Yogoda Satsanga Society of India">Yogoda Satsanga</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi</a></li>

<li><a href="Tattwabodhini_Patrika" title="Tattwabodhini Patrika">Tattwabodhini Patrika</a></li>

<li><a href="Young_Bengal" title="Young Bengal">Young Bengal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chittagong_College" title="Chittagong College">Chittagong College</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_Statistical_Institute" title="Indian Statistical Institute">Indian Statistical Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="Hindu_School%2C_Kolkata" title="Hindu School, Kolkata">Hindu School</a></li>

<li><a href="Jadavpur_University" title="Jadavpur University">Jadavpur University</a></li>

<li><a href="Presidency_University%2C_Kolkata" title="Presidency University, Kolkata">Presidency University</a></li>

<li><a href="University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bethune_College" title="Bethune College">Bethune College</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="University_of_Dhaka" title="University of Dhaka">University of Dhaka</a></li>

<li><a href="Visva-Bharati_University" title="Visva-Bharati University">Visva-Bharati University</a></li>

<li><a href="Calcutta_School_of_Tropical_Medicine" title="Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine">Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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